Fumigants are chemical substances used to control pests and diseases in various industries such as agriculture, food processing, and storage. These substances are typically gaseous or volatile liquids that penetrate and kill pests and pathogens in stored products, soil, and other materials. Fumigants are essential in maintaining food safety and preventing losses due to pest infestations, which can result in significant economic and environmental impacts. The use of fumigants dates back to the early 1900s when sulfur dioxide was first used to control insects in stored grains. Since then, various fumigants have been developed, including methyl bromide, phosphine, carbon disulfide, and chloropicrin. Methyl bromide, for instance, is a widely used fumigant in agriculture due to its broad-spectrum activity against soil-borne pests and pathogens. However, methyl bromide has been phased out due to its ozone-depleting properties. Phosphine is another commonly used fumigant in agriculture and fo...