Safely Diluting Concentrated Sulfuric Acid: A Critical Process

Diluting concentrated sulfuric acid is a delicate process that requires strict adherence to safety protocols to prevent hazardous reactions. The process involves adding the acid to water, never the reverse. This specific order is crucial due to the exothermic nature of the reaction.

When concentrated sulfuric acid is added to water, it gradually disperses and dilutes, allowing the heat generated to be absorbed by the larger volume of water. This controlled release of heat minimizes the risk of splattering, boiling, or other dangerous reactions. The procedure should be done slowly and with constant stirring to ensure even distribution of the acid.

If the procedure is reversed—adding water to concentrated sulfuric acid—the outcome can be catastrophic. The water, being less dense, will float on top of the acid, which can cause localized boiling. The rapid heat generation can lead to the water vaporizing explosively, splashing the highly corrosive acid. This is precisely what occurred during the tragic incident at Escientia in Andhra Pradesh. The improper handling led to a violent reaction, causing severe injuries and fatalities.

To prevent such accidents, it is essential to follow proper dilution procedures, utilize appropriate protective equipment, and ensure that all personnel handling such dangerous chemicals are adequately trained. By doing so, the risks associated with diluting concentrated sulfuric acid can be significantly minimized, preventing potential disasters.

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